Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Advances and Challenges in Electrocatalytic Performance
Abstract
density, rapid start-up, and zero local emissions. However, their large-scale commercialization is limited by the cost, activity, and durability of
electrocatalysts, particularly those used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Although Pt-based and Pt-alloy catalysts remain the most effective options, issues such as catalyst degradation, carbon corrosion, and mass-transport limitations continue to affect long-term performance.
Recent advances in alloy design, core–shell structures, single-atom catalysts, non-precious-metal catalysts, and catalyst-layer engineering have
improved catalytic activity and durability. Future research should focus on integrated catalyst, support, ionomer, and membrane-electrode assembly design to achieve lower cost, higher durability, and practical fuel-cell performance under real operating conditions.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.70711/frim.v4i7.9861
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