Disentangling the Triple Divide: A Heterogeneous Analysis of Hainan's FPT Policies on Tourist Expenditure, SME Profitability, and Household Income
Abstract
policy effects on tourists, SMEs, and households, identifying a "triple divide": consumption substitution, cost arbitrage, and dual-channel income effects. Zero-tariff benefits are unevenly distributed across industries and locations.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.70711/memf.v3i10.10036
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