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Geological and Mining Engineering

Geological and Mining Engineering (GME), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. GME is devoted to publish geological and mining engineering related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on geological and mining engineering throughout the world. GME welcomes all original

ISSN: 3029-1887(P)

3029-2034(O)

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Food Safety and Quality

Food Safety and Quality (FSQ), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. FSQ is devoted to publish food safety and quality related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on food safety and quality throughout the world. FSQ welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.

ISSN: 3029-2115(P)

3029-2123(O)

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Hydraulic Engineering and Power Research

Hydraulic Engineering and Power Research (HEPR), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. HEPR is devoted to publish hydraulic engineering and power related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on hydraulic engineering and power throughout the world. HEPR welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2158(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2166(O)

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Medical and Health Research

Medical and Health Research (MHR), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. MHR is devoted to publish medicine related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on medicine throughout the world. MHR welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2190(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2204(O)

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Practical Medical Research

Practical Medical Research (PMR), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. PMR is devoted to publish medicine related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on medicine throughout the world. PMR welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2085(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2093(O)

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Forum on Research and Innovation Management

Forum on Research and Innovation Management (FRIM), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. FRIM is devoted to publish research and innovation management related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on research and innovation management throughout the world. FRIM welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1933(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-1984(O)

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Construction Safety Technology and Management

Construction Safety Technology and Management (CSTM), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. CSTM is devoted to publish construction safety technology and management related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on construction safety technology and management throughout the world. CSTM welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2069(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2077(O)

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Industrial Technology Research

Industrial Technology Research (ITR), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. ITR is devoted to publish industrial technology related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on industrial technology throughout the world. ITR welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1895(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2026(O)

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Environmental Protection and Health

Environmental Protection and Health (EPH), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. EPH is devoted to publish environmental protection and health related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on environmental protection and health throughout the world. EPH welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1909(P)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2018(O)

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Artificial Intelligence Technology Research

Artificial Intelligence Technology Research (AITR), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. AITR is devoted to publish artificial intelligence technology related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on artificial intelligence technology throughout the world. AITR welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1968(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-195X(P)
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Curriculum Learning and Exploration

Curriculum Learning and Exploration (CLE), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. CLE is devoted to publish curriculum related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on curriculum throughout the world. CLE welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1976(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-1941(P)
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Evaluation of Educational Research

Evaluation of Educational Research (EER), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. EER is devoted to publish education related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on education throughout the world. EER welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-1992(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-1925(P)
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World Education Forum

World Education Forum (WEF), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. WEF is devoted to publish education related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on education throughout the world. WEF welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-214X(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2131(P)

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New Explorations in Education and Teaching

New Explorations in Education and Teaching (NEET), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. NEET is devoted to publish education related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on education throughout the world. NEET welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-200X(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-1917(P)

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Modern Economic Management Forum

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Modern Economic Management Forum (MEMF), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. MEMF is devoted to publish modern economic management related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on economic management throughout the world. MEMF welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2182(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2174(P)

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Research and Commentary on Humanities and Arts

Research and Commentary on Humanities and ArtsÂ (RCHA), published by Scineer Publishing PTE. LTD, is an open-access journal. RCHA is devoted to publish humanities and arts related articles in the form of original papers, review papers and case studies. It also provides a platform for scholars to exchange the latest information in the related fields and aim to promote the research on humanities and arts throughout the world. RCHA welcomes all original manuscripts that do not be published in any other journals.Â

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Â Â Â Â Â Â ISSN: 3029-2050(O)

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 3029-2042(P)

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Scineer Publishing is a publisher of open access journals. Covering various disciplines and promoting interdisciplinary development, Scineer Publishing adheres to a principle of respecting academics, and publishes insightful and rigorous academic research contents.

12 Eu Tong Sen Street, #07-168, Singapore 059819

E-mail: scineerpub@126.com

Copyright © 2023 Scineer Publishing Pte. Ltd.

Threshold Harm and Intergenerational Justice: Resolving the Non-Identity Paradox in Gendered Labor Policies

Xinyang Wei

Abstract

This paper interrogates the ethical foundations of maternal employment policies like China’s "Mama Jobs" through the lens of the
non-identity problem, challenging conventional harm-based assessments of obligations to future generations. It argues that Derek Parfit’s
paradox—where future individuals cannot be deemed "worse off" by policies enabling their existence—fails to account for non-comparative
harms and rights violations. Reconceptualizing harm as a threshold violation of impersonal rights (e.g., to equitable labor participation) reveals that policies perpetuating structural inequities, even if beneficial to some individuals, breach intergenerational duties to humanity as an
"inter-temporal community." Applying this framework to Mama Jobs, the analysis demonstrates how such initiatives institutionalize gender
essentialism by conditioning women’s workforce participation on childcare burdens, violating autonomy despite short-term economic gains.
Through Reiman’s Rawlsian extension, the paper contends that rational actors behind a "veil of ignorance" would mandate universal childcare, equal parental leave, and anti-discrimination enforcement to dismantle systemic barriers. Ultimately, it advocates for rights-based policies that transcend Parfit’s paradox to liberate rather than confine mothers and future generations.

Keywords

Non-identity problem; Intergenerational obligations; "Mama Jobs"; Gender equity; Maternal employment policy

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References

[1] Thomas Bontly, "Causes, contrasts, and the non-identity problem," Philosophical Studies 173 (2016): 1233, doi: 10.1007/s11098-015-

0543-9.

[2] Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 357.

[3] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. "The Nonidentity Problem," accessed May 4, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonidentity-problem/.

[4] Jeff McMahan, "Wrongful Life: Paradoxes in the Morality of Causing People to Exist," in Rational Commitment and Social Justice: Essays for Gregory Kavka, ed. Jules Coleman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 223–229.

[5] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. "Intergenerational Justice," accessed May 2, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justiceintergenerational/.

[6] Parfit, Reasons and Persons, 375.

[7] James Woodward, "The Non-Identity Problem," Ethics 96, 4 (1986): 823.

[8] Jeffrey Reiman, "Being Fair to Future People: The Non-Identity Problem in the Original Position," Philosophy and Public Affairs 35, 1

(2007): 88.

[9] Jessica Godovsky, "Future Generations and the Right to Survival: A Deontological Analysis of the Moral Obligations of Present to Future People," The College of New Jersey Journal of Student Scholarship 12 (2010): 2.

[10] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. "Intergenerational Justice," accessed May 2, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justiceintergenerational/.

[11] Godovsky, "Future Generations and the Right to Survival," 2.

[12] Ibid., 4-5.

[13] Edith Weiss, "In Fairness to Future Generations and Sustainable Development," The American University Journal of International Law

and Policy 8, 1 (1992): 23.

[14] Reiman, "Being Fair to Future People," 79–81.

[15] James Woodward, "The Non-Identity Problem," Ethics 96, 4 (1986): 808.

[16] Seana Shiffrin, "Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm," Legal Theory 5, 2 (1999): 121.

[17] Parfit, Reasons and Persons, 374.

[18] Bontly, "Causes, contrasts, and the non-identity problem," 1237.

[19] Elizabeth Harman, "Can we Harm and Benefit in Creating?," Philosophical Perspectives 18 (2004): 93; Woodward, "The Non-Identity

Problem," 809; Shiffrin, "Wrongful Life," 121.

[20] Woodward, "The Non-Identity Problem," 809–810.

[21] Ibid., 810.

[22] Ibid., 812.

[23] Harman, "Can we Harm and Benefit in Creating?," 104–105.

[24] Shiffrin, "Wrongful Life," 121.

[25] Ibid., 126.

[26] Ibid., 130.

[27] Larry Temkin, Rethinking the Good: Moral Ideals and the Nature of Practical Reasoning (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012),

333.

[28] Parfit, Reasons and Persons, 431.

[29] Ibid., 360.

[30] Temkin, Rethinking the Good, 333.

[31] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. "The Nonidentity Problem," accessed May 4, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonidentity-problem/.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.70711/rcha.v3i5.7381

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Scineer Publishing is a publisher of open access journals. Covering various disciplines and promoting interdisciplinary development, Scineer Publishing adheres to a principle of respecting academics, and publishes insightful and rigorous academic research contents.

12 Eu Tong Sen Street, #07-168, Singapore 059819

E-mail: scineerpub@126.com

Copyright © 2023 Scineer Publishing Pte. Ltd.